Integration architecture reference model. Enterprise Architecture.

Integration architecture reference model In the United States, the term Smart Manufacturing Oct 1, 2017 · Reference Architecture for Integration Platforms 2) Platform Management Tool: Platform Management tool (PMT) is graphical user interface for the Platform manager application. You can find a wide variety of reference architectures in IBM’s Architecture Center. This section describes a reference model that focuses on the Application Software space, and "Common Systems Architecture" in Enterprise Continuum terms. Jan 2, 2024 · Enterprise integration architecture enables cloud integration, where data from both legacy and on-premise systems is securely integrated and accessible in the cloud. Dec 4, 2012 · It differs from a reference model in that a reference model describes the important concepts and relationships in the domain focusing on what distinguishes the elements of the domain; a reference architecture elaborates further on the model to show a more complete picture that includes showing what is involved in realizing the modeled entities The primary challenge for many organizations to successfully adopt information systems and transform digitally has been the integration of business and technology. 2. Integration Architecture for the Salesforce Platform This post shares patterns gathered from my experience in creating an effective Integration Architecture for clients, and shares a reference design drawn from many of these. Follow. 2 Awareness of data backup/archiving/data warehousing integration strategies. (services acquired via US Jan 8, 2023 · Event-Driven Architecture's integration aspect is essentially a variation of the publish-subscribe integration pattern that supports the asynchronous use of the REST model, which is essential in It is fundamentally an Application Architecture reference model – a model of the application components and application services software essential for an integrated information infrastructure. 0 (RAMI 4. By capturing real-time data and feeding it into a structured database, the digital pipeline ensures seamless integration and optimization throughout the factory’s May 1, 2021 · An RA is the basis to build a security reference architecture (SRA). Relationship between core concepts of IoT Domain Model and IoT Information Model. Browse the AWS reference architecture library to find architecture diagrams built by AWS professionals to address the most common industry and technology problems. This model is an essential tool for anyone involved in creating, managing and participating in data spaces, providing clear and practical guidance on technical and operational aspects. The IoT Functional Model aims at describing mainly the Functional Groups (FG) and their interaction with the ARM, while the Functional View of a Reference Architecture describes the functional components of an FG, interfaces, and interactions between the components. Sep 10, 2024 · Technical Reference Model (TRM). 6. In essence, it serves as the blueprint for how different software applications interact, share data, and collaborate to fulfill business processes. Abstraction level of the IOT Domain model has been chosen in such a way that its concepts are independent of Interoperability and integration reference architecture ? Model and framework. Williams and members of the Industry-Purdue University Consortium for Computer Integrated Manufacturing. Table of contents. SaaS helps to onboard their customers (tenants) into a centrally hosted version of the solution, and manage them via a single Reference Architecture, the level of detail provided as a reference may have to be greater than if a Reference Architecture is intended to be used for alignment purposes only. 3 8 March 1999 ©IFIP - IFAC Task Force, 1999 Creative Commons CC BY - ND The direction of the arrows in the reference model is not necessarily the way the data is moving, but rather the way the integration connection is being established. A Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) facilitates the creation of flexible, re-usable assets for enabling end-to-end business solutions. Modern application architecture means that companies use a wide variety of applications with different tasks. Each integration architecture consists of the integration of messaging principles and patterns. Dec 29, 2020 · Figure 1: Reference Architecture for Health: User Community Scope. JRA Non-Functional Requirements 17. July 2022. 2 Normative references. For more information about Reference Process Models, see the Oracle Fusion Middleware Reference Process Models User's Guide for Oracle Application Integration Architecture Foundation Pack. Jan 8, 2025 · Integration Architecture Landscape: The set of integration architectures is the landscape. Integration Architectures have been around for many years, with many organizations using an ESB, or enterprise service bus, to provide communication. The Architecture and Engineering Service team’s partnership with the Office of Enterprise Integration to maintain the Veterans Affairs Business Reference Model demonstrates the team’s cultivation of ingenuity in driving IT transformation. This architecture uses message brokers and events to decouple services for greater scalability and reliability. The ARM is the combination of the Reference Model and the Reference Architecture, the set of models, guidelines, best practices, views and perspectives that can be used for building fully interoperable concrete IoT architectures and sys-tems. Nov 8, 2022 · Purpose: The Integration Reference Architecture will present a unified integration platform — describing which strategic technologies support each capability and outlining an approach for Provides experienced guidance on the appropriate choice of on-platform and off-platform technology. Enterprise Architecture (EA), especially the Business Architecture (BA) domain, can be a determinant in achieving business-IT alignment in this dynamic, fast-paced era. NIST Enterprise Architecture Model (NIST EA Model) is a late-1980s reference model for enterprise architecture. Services, Service Consumers, Capabilities, and Real-World SOA Reference Architecture – Introduction Objective. Integration platform-as-a-service (iPaaS), is a sub-section of PaaS, and continues to evolve as an integration alternative capable of meeting a wide range of integration needs, including on-premise, cloud, B2B, and mobile integration. This paper describes the TRM, how it facilitates enterprise architecture integration and system interoperability, how it maps to other key DoD architecture models, and its value to the acquisition community. It relies on the well-known Purdue Reference Model for computer-integrated manufacturing to describe network segmentation in industrial control systems. First, the industry need for software integration architecture is reviewed in the context of process engineering work processes. These reference architectures provide baseline implementations for various scenarios: Data analysis workloads for regulated industries: Run data analytics workloads that take into account regulatory requirements. This opens up a world of possibilities where real-time data can be used to improve the customer experiment, implement AI workflows, and experiment freely with new technology while This architecture is based on the basic enterprise integration architecture but includes how to integrate enterprise back-end systems. Monolithic applications are more difficult to change and moving to microservice architecture will bring velocity to the development team. Chapters and also extend it with a description of a reference model. Most studies in the Digital Twin field have only focused on manufacturing and proposed explicit frameworks and architecture, which faced challenges to support different integration levels Reference architectures are an important tool that can help financial institutions modularize and align business and technology assets in a predictable way. 0 . The hybrid integration reference architecture describes an approach to connect components which are split across cloud and on-premises environments, or across public and private clouds -- even across different cloud providers. ACORD members and non-members may subscribe to the Reference Architecture or its individual components. Organizations are moving to the SaaS (Software-as-a-service) delivery model to achieve optimized cost, operational efficiency and overall agility in their software business. When developers have to build data pipelines from scratch, the architecture acts as a blueprint that they can build upon. Version 2. This landscape includes reference architectures for digital, content delivery, internet of things and a variety of other services. Whereas a reference model divides the functionality, a reference architecture is the mapping of that functionality onto a system decomposition. Jan 1, 2021 · This study set out to adopt RAMI, a well-recognized reference architecture model in Industry 4. May 6, 2021 · Architectural modeling using patterns and Reference Architectures (RAs) applies abstraction, which helps in reducing the complexity of IoT systems. An RA is the basis to build a security reference architecture (SRA). Functional Requirements 12. Details regarding 1 the dimensions of the model are explained in Clause 5 and Clause 6. Functional model. 4, which is mainly based on the idea of classification, and describes the application field of big data, application process of big data, application technology of big data and algorithm, so as Jan 8, 2023 · Event-Driven Architecture's integration aspect is essentially a variation of the publish-subscribe integration pattern that supports the asynchronous use of the REST model, which is essential in The High-Level III-RM Graphic. They also serve as the basis for model-driven standards development, and are flexible enough to cross lines of business and geographic borders. Mar 13, 2018 · Data Provider and Data Consumer For our integration architecture we have adopted and adapted the philosophy of ‘Service Orientation’ and TOGAF’s Integrated Information Infrastructure Mar 1, 1999 · 3 Life-cycle architectures such as GERA are referred to as ‘Reference Architectures of type II’ GERAM V1. It is fundamentally an Application Architecture reference model - a model of the application components and application services software essential for an integrated information infrastructure. Application programming interfaces (APIs) enable data, applications and services to talk to In the architecture continuum, the BIAN Reference Model aspires to provide the industry architecture for the financial industry. Understands integration capabilities and patterns, design trade-offs, and has the ability to communicate design choices. Reference architectures guide the design of system architectures by providing a structured template with common terminology. ISO DIS 23903:####(X) ISO TC 215 Secretariat: ANSI Health informatics — Interoperability and Integration Reference Architecture – Model and Framework Warning for WDs and CDs Architecture Development Reference Models. The concept of a reference architecture used in this document goes beyond the traditional use where the architecture entity is a system. Department of Defense (DoD) Zero Trust Reference Architecture . IOT Domain Model: It captures the basic attributes of the main concepts and the relationship between these concepts. Oct 2, 2024 · The International Data Spaces Association (IDSA) has developed a comprehensive Reference Architecture Model (RAM) to guide the design and implementation of data spaces. IT architectures derived from TOGAF may differ greatly depending on the requirements of the information Integration Architecture (IA) is a major part of every company's IT landscape, that simplifies the integration of numerous IT components and enables you to trace data flows between applications. Therefore, over the past couple of months, we have been doing exactly that in-between projects and trying to help our industry think beyond point This section reviews relevant architectures, standards, processes and reference activity models used in developing the FDI activity model. Integration platform-as-a-service – iPaaS, is a sub-domain of Platform as a Service - PaaS, and continues to evolve as an integration alternatives capable of meeting a diverse range of integration needs, including on-premise, cloud and B2B. The detailed reference Solution Architecture from SAP provides a validated reference architecture content, which can be used to define a target architecture based on specific needs. The blog post is based on the principle that some of the applications can be exchanged – based on your requirements The components of the Reference Architecture can be utilized individually or collectively. Divided into cloud services layer, distributed storage technology, distributed computing, data mining and Generalised Enterprise Reference Architecture and Methodology (GERAM) is an enterprise-reference architecture that models the whole life history of an enterprise integration project from its initial concept in the eyes of the entrepreneurs who initially developed it, through its definition, functional design or specification, detailed design Jan 1, 1995 · The Systems Integration Architecture project is taking a fresh approach to integration with special emphasis on supporting Agile, Virtual enterprises and their unique need for reconfigurable, de Oct 5, 2006 · What Is the Justice Reference Architecture? 10. Introduction . 5 standard also maps rather neatly with our EnergyIoT Reference Model and is the enabling technology that helps our common reference architecture develop REAL solution architectures. This article considers the primary drivers of change and the integration reference architecture that is evolving to meet the new demands. Finally, a case study in the domain of logistics was studied to validate the correctness of the reference architecture. Increasingly, companies are adopting the principles and techniques associated with SOA for different types of projects in different industries worldwide. IA changes with the advances in cross-platform utility and other development paradigms for new kinds of digital operations. Foreword. By developing business reference architectures, financial institutions are in a position to start rationalizing and assigning role Integration Architecture is a strategic approach in enterprise application integration, enabling the flow of data between disparate systems and applications across an enterprise. With the target architecture, implementation patterns and a Apr 27, 2023 · A Bridge has a special meaning for any Architecture… We say, Enterprise/Solution Architecture (in general) is bridging the gap between business and technology, but Integration Architecture (in specific) is also bridging a gap – it is bridging functional & technical gap between different Systems and This new reference model was created in two levels of granularity: as a Generic Domain model of Application Architecture detailed reference model for Logical Application Architecture, where the meaning of Logical Application Architecture corresponds with (The Open Group, 2009) The model has been created as a set of principles and exemplary Oct 23, 2024 · When considering an application integration runtime, look for a robust set of connectors that can link a diverse range of application integration technologies, data mapping features for translating between common data formats, identity and access management (IAM) integration so that integration flows can easily connect to different services and what the scope of the Reference Architecture is, what means, such as synergy, are available to realize mission and vision. Publish internal APIs to external users: Consolidate APIs and then expose them to external users. 1 What is a reference model A reference model is an abstract framework for understanding significant relationships among the entities of some environment. BA reference models are pivotal to enable agile and efficient This section introduces key concepts and issues related to software integration architectures and the need for industry standards to make these integration architectures practical and cost-effective. Justice Reference Architecture 18. Thus, integration architecture provides simplicity. It is fundamentally an Applications Architecture reference model - a model of the application components and application services software essential for an integrated information infrastructure. Principle 1: A Reference Architecture is an elaboration of company (or consortium) mission, vision and strategy. It serves as a blueprint for data exchange and synchronization, ensuring that business processes operate seamlessly and efficiently. 0) provides a common understanding of standards for the design of components, which enables their specification as well as life cycle including their technical and organisational functions. integration middleware to communicate with sensors and actuators. Apr 6, 2011 · The types of process models or data integration models are dependent on the types of processing needed in the data integration reference architecture. The high-level reference Solution Architecture from SAP provides a recommended mapping from Business Architecture to SAP solutions and solution components. Foundation Architecture: Technical Reference Model focuses on the Application Platform space. Concepts and Relationships 20. Apr 24, 2023 · The Integration Architecture guiding principles are guidelines to increase the consistency and quality of technology decision-making Diagram 1 — A Reference Integration CoE Governance Model Jun 8, 2022 · Business Reference Model . Organizations should consider iPaaS as a means to reduce the complexity of integration landscape as A Technical Reference Model is defined as a foundation architecture that outlines the components of an information system infrastructure, providing terminology, structure, and rules for interconnection between different components at various levels, from communications infrastructure to applications. e. Intelligence Community. Q4) What is Reference Model Architecture? Ans: A reference model describes the domain using a number of sub- domain. It aspires to provide a common architecture language within a financial institution and between financial institutions, their partners, and suppliers. Digital twin solutions are made possible by digital modeling and digital thread as two key enabling capabilities. Sep 30, 2018 · Cavalcante et al. Because of this complexity, security is an important problem in IoT applications. Buy. Introduction. This is a critical aspect of Integration Architecture as it pertains to your security and any real-time requirements. Download a Visio file of this architecture. Sep 27, 2021 · The identity access management reference architectures for the Intelligent Enterprise are based on the SAP One Domain Model used in the SAP Master Data Integration service and the usage of the SAP Cloud Identity Services. An iPaaS Reference Model By Sameer Paradkar. Sep 9, 2024 · Integration architecture is a strategic framework that enables tracking of the connections and data flows between diverse systems and applications within an organization. Keywords—Integration platforms; Reference architecture; Data integration; Enterprise Oct 20, 2020 · iPaaS – Reference Architecture . This is the Integrated Information Infrastructure Reference Model (III-RM). Some SOA-specific models and artifacts are suggested below: In order to break down the barriers between software, organizations employ integration architecture, or enterprise application integration, to enable applications to connect and share data. 0, the Reference Architecture Model Industry 4. Example: The reference architecture provides a conceptual model of care processes, preferably based on ISO 13490. Prepared by the Defense Information Systems Agency (DISA) and National Security Agency (NSA) Zero Trust This Guide describes a reference model that focuses on the Application Software space, and “Common Systems Architecture” in Enterprise Continuum terms. Apr 7, 2021 · The IEEE 2030. Define the integration portfolio roadmap. 5 days ago · In this reference architecture guide, we present a comprehensive framework for integrating Generative AI, Machine Learning, and Deep Learning into a digital twin for a factory. Oct 18, 2009 · The Army Technical Reference Model (TRM) is a fundamental component of the Army Enterprise Architecture suite of reference models. Tags: Beginner, Core 1. e-Government Integration Architecture Reference Framework The Technical Reference Model (TRM) supports and enables the delivery of Integration Reference Model service components and capabilities and provides a foundation to advance the re-use and standardization of technology and service components from a government-wide perspective. Dec 11, 2024 · SAP Integration Architecture Guide The SAP Integration Architecture Guide is based on the recent update from SAP for Integration Architecture explained in a summarized way, emphasizes how organizations can utilize SAP Integration Suite to create a scalable, efficient, and potentially productive inte Figure: Detailed Technical Reference Model (Showing Service Categories) Detailed Technical Reference Model (Showing Service Categories) is only a depiction of the TRM entities: it neither implies nor inhibits inter-relationships among them. ISA-95 establishes an architecture based on the Purdue model that enterprises can apply regardless of the technology used. g. Using the models, artifacts, SOA Reference Architecture, and SOI Reference Model, the architect should develop views that enable the architect to demonstrate to stakeholders how their SOA-specific concerns relating to the Technology Architecture are addressed. 8 1. On the OMB pages you will find links to more information about FEA Guidance, the FEA Reference Models, Management Tools for the FEA, a Communities link and Success Stories. Jan 13, 2025 · The formal model for the NIST Cloud Computing Security Reference Architecture is NIST SP 500-292: A connected collection of security components generated from the CSA TCI-RA, the NIST Cloud Computing Reference Architecture, and a way for utilizing the formal model and the security components to orchestrate a safe cloud ecosystem. Thanks to the Integration Architecture, communication between these applications is ensured. 5 IoT Architecture Reference Model May 1, 2010 · NIST SP 500-292 NIST Cloud Computing Reference Architecture iii Acknowledgments The authors, Fang Liu, Jin Tong, Jian Mao of Knowcean Consulting Inc. 14028, Improving the Nation’s Cybersecurity1 and Section 1 of National Security Memorandum on Improving the Apr 21, 2021 · A reference architecture (like this application integration architecture) is usually the best starting point to create a customized target architecture. Therefore, over the past couple of months, we have been doing exactly that in-between projects and trying to help our industry think beyond point In the architecture continuum, the BIAN Reference Model aspires to provide the industry architecture for the financial industry. By using the reference architecture as a framework, we are able to create specific process model types for the discrete data integration processes and landing zones, as demonstrated in Figure 3. Jul 25, 2021 · The below section outlines the layers and key components of the Integration Reference Architecture, together they form an Integration Platform. Justice System Requirements 12. They comprise a collection of characteristics of digital manufacturing systems, such as the relationship between control elements (e. Sep 30, 2022 · Features. The SAP BTP reference architectures of the SAP Business Technology Platform offer a template solution for architecture in a particular technology domain, such as integration, extensions, hyperscaler integration, or data and analytics. 6, which mainly focuses on the acquisition of computing resources and storage resources, distributed storage and computing architecture, and data security technology. Sep 29, 2023 · The use of architecture-based processes is now a common practice in commercial, government, civil, and military domains. Figure 1-9 illustrates the relationship of business processes, activities, and tasks that is described in the following sections. IC Business Reference Model - IC Objectives IC Performance Reference Model-Measures of Success IC Service Reference Model – Functionality IC Data Reference Model - Information Holdings IC Technical Apr 30, 2021 · ISO 23903 provides an overview of the Interoperability and Integration Reference Architecture that includes scope, justification, and explanation of key concepts as well as resulting model and framework. Mar 21, 2023 · Integration must now treat cloud as a first-class citizen and cater to radically different requirements from a broader range of users. Ensure that you're familiar with the design and components in the basic integration architecture. Everything you need to ensure data quality and encourage collaboration as you build an EA repository to meet the needs of all stakeholders across the business specific SOA, a reference model is intended to provide an even higher level of commonality, with definitions that should apply to all SOA. solutions. The III-RM is a subset of the TOGAF TRM in terms of its overall scope, but it also expands reference architecture to help designers choose appropriate design patterns of integration platforms. Jun 3, 2022 · As the official reference model for Industry 4. (There are more Business Applications and Infrastructure Applications than these in the environment, of course, but these are the subsets relevant to Mar 15, 2022 · Now, we’ve got good news for you! With the updated Integration Architecture Guide for Cloud and Hybrid Landscapes we provide guidance on how enterprise and integration architects can evolve their existing integration architecture based on SAP Business Technology Platform and the SAP technology offerings available today. This document provides an overview of the openEHR architecture in terms of a model overview, key global semantics, deployment and integration architectures, relationship to published standards, and finally the approach to building Implementation Technology Specifications (ITSs). compare two IoT reference architectures and discusses important issues for future [62]. OASIS Service-Oriented Architecture Reference Model 20. Application integration is the merging and optimization of data and workflows between two disparate software applications, of ten a new cloud application with a legacy on -premises application. Purdue Enterprise Reference Architecture (PERA), or the Purdue model, is a 1990s reference model for enterprise architecture, developed by Theodore J. Chapters provide a detailed conceptual overview of an M2M/IoT reference architecture introduced in Chapter. 2 The Interoperability and Integration Reference Architecture supports ontology harmonization or knowledge harmonization to enable interoperability between, and integration of, systems, standards and solutions at any level of complexity without the demand for continuously adapting/revising those specifications. Figure 1 — Generic Reference Architecture model To represent advanced interoperability and integration settings, different domain-specific architecture models, physical architecture models, and integration architecture model from the Oracle Retail ecosystem. The scope of the reference architecture is on concepts, logical elements and associated models that you can use to apply and implement in a healthcare organization. Tap into the start-to-finish Event- driven Process Chain (EPC) and Business Process Modeling Notation (BPMN) models to deliver domain and day-to-day detail to architects, analysts, and implementers. The link below will take you to the OMB-managed website that provides more detail around the Federal Enterprise Architecture. The Systems Integration for Manufacturing Applica-tions (SIMA) Reference Architecture [5] is a reference model for product realisation activities within a manufacturing enterprise. Jan 27, 2021 · The International Data Spaces (IDS) focuses on secure and trustworthy data exchange patterns on a data-centric level. Jun 18, 2022 · The API lifecycle management reference architecture bridges the gap between cloud and on-premises applications quickly and easily. Reference architectures may also be complimentary in guiding architectures and solutions. Mar 13, 2018 · Data Provider and Data Consumer For our integration architecture we have adopted and adapted the philosophy of ‘Service Orientation’ and TOGAF’s Integrated Information Infrastructure Reference architectures are an important tool that can help financial institutions modularize and align business and technology assets in a predictable way. 1. This document provides an overview of the Interoperability and Integration Reference Architecture (first introduced in the 1990s as the Generic Component Model ? GCM [ 1 ][ 2 ] ), providing scope, justification and explanation of key concepts and the resulting model and framework. here, as it represent the Architectural Reference Model (ARM). The resulting Integrated Information Infrastructure Reference Model itself is depicted in Figure 3. Torkaman discusses ITU_T standard IoT reference architecture and also explore four other reference architectures: IoT-A, WSO2, Korean and Chinese perspectives, whose characteristics and capabilities are compared together [63]. Feb 10, 2024 · Integration during M&A: For mergers, acquisitions, and outsourcing, reference architectures simplify the integration process. Graphical Overview 18. hierarchical, or heterarchical) or how the system is The Joint Architecture Reference Model (JARM) DNI IC EA. (). Refactoring application code to microservices, this article addresses the why and how to refactor an existing Java application to microservice architecture. As the notional reference model figure below illustrates, reference models capture the elements of the architectural views, and translate those elements into text. They ensure that different systems can easily align and integrate Jan 1, 2021 · However, the dilemma between the scope and scale needs a sophisticated reference architecture, a right set of technologies, and a suitable business model. They also cover data model refactoring Nov 9, 2022 · Enterprise Reference architecture can be starting point for the Architects to accommodate their strategies, vision, objectives, principles and defining different set of architectures like business, application, cloud, and Integration architectures Aug 1, 2023 · Reference architecture. This reference architecture uses Azure Integration Services to orchestrate calls to enterprise backend systems. Integration Architecture is a software architecture developed to facilitate the integration of IT components. Application. It defines an enterprise architecture [ 1 ] by the interrelationship between an enterprise's business, information, and technology environments. The architecture of IoT is divided into 4 different layers i. 3. Architecture of IoT. Feb 7, 2019 · The reference model of big data infrastructure is shown in Fig. Jan 28, 2025 · It is the networking of physical objects that contain electronics embedded within their architecture to communicate and sense interactions amongst each other or to the external environment. Sensing Layer, Network Layer, Data processing Layer, and Application Layer. 0, and an Agile approach for different Digital Twin integration levels. Reference models provide textual extractions of underlying architectural data. O. . It allows customers to securely unlock IT assets and to deliver innovative applications with modern architectures. Dec 15, 2022 · Consistent data integration architecture makes applying development standards and patterns to different projects and data workflows easier. 1 Scope. The term “Architecture Reference Model” (ARM) is borrowed from the IoT Architecture (IoT-A) in a generic system model or Generic Reference Architecture presented in Figure . (There are more business applications and infrastructure applications than these in the environment, of course, but these are the subsets relevant to Apr 7, 2021 · The IEEE 2030. Enterprise Architecture. The Cybersecurity Reference Architecture (CSRA) is a reference framework intended to be used by the DoD to guide the modernization of cybersecurity as required in Section 3 of E. Joint Architecture Reference Model. In fact, a Reference Architecture is an elaboration of mission, vision and strategy. The backend systems can include software as a service (SaaS) systems, Azure services, and existing web services in your enterprise. The IDS Reference Architecture Model (IDS-RAM) consists of five layers to establish interoperability and three crosscutting perspectives for reaching its main target, namely to ensure end-to-end data sovereignty of the data owner Otto et al. The reference model of big data application is shown in Fig. A reference architecture is a reference model mapped onto software elements (that cooperatively implement the functionality defined in the reference model) and the data flows between them.